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Whiteclay (Lakota: ''Makȟásaŋ''; "whiteish or yellowish clay"), known to the U.S. Census Bureau as Pine Ridge, is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Sheridan County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 14 at the 2000 census. A significant part of Whiteclay's economy is based on alcohol sales to residents of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, located north across the border in South Dakota, where alcohol consumption and possession is prohibited. According to the Nebraska Liquor Control Commission, beer sales at Whiteclay's four liquor stores totalled 4.9 million cans in 2010 (~13,000 cans per day) for gross sales of $3 million.〔 The four beer merchants paid federal and state excise taxes (included in liquor’s sale price) of $413,932 that year.〔 ==History== The border town of Whiteclay has always been tied to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation to the north within the state boundaries of South Dakota. The majority of the Oglala Sioux Tribe (OST) live at Pine Ridge reservation. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe (Sicangu Oyate), also known as the Brulé Sioux, have an independent and federally recognized reservation to the northeast within the boundaries of South Dakota. In 1882, after the boundaries of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation were already established, by executive order the United States government added a strip of land in Nebraska known as the White Clay Extension (named after White Clay Creek) to the reservation. The area was created to serve as a buffer zone to help prevent the sale of alcohol to residents of the reservation. The language of the order said that the buffer zone would be used until it was no longer considered necessary. In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order that removed 49 of the of the White Clay Extension from the reservation. There was no consultation with the Oglala Sioux Tribe as to whether they believed this was useful. Traders immediately established a post near the reservation border and started selling alcohol, and most of their customers came from the nearby reservation. The trading post developed as the unincorporated community of Pine Ridge, commonly known as Whiteclay. It reached its peak population of 104 in 1940, but residents have been considerably fewer for decades.〔(JIM McKEE, "Is Whiteclay in Nebraska or part of the Pine Ridge Reservation?" ), ''LINCOLN JOURNAL STAR,'' 29 January 2006, accessed 29 February 2012〕 Some Oglala Sioux have appealed to the federal government for another executive order to withdraw the buffer from public domain. They contend that because Roosevelt never demonstrated that the need for the buffer did not exist, the executive order was invalid.〔 Even if such action were achieved, it would always be subject to reversal by another president. Separately, in a 1999 protest against beer sales at Whiteclay, nine Oglala Sioux led by Tom Poor Bear were arrested. They challenged their arrests by Nebraska officials, on the grounds that, according to the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty and subsequent federal law, the White Clay Extension is still under the jurisdiction of the Pine Ridge reservation, where alcohol sales are prohibited.〔 The Oglala Sioux Tribal Court ruled in the defendants' favor. In February 2000, the Sheridan County, Nebraska court ruled that the defendants could be charged under local law, as Whiteclay and the border territory were part of the state of Nebraska.〔David Hendee, “Indians Lose Border Ruling,” ''Omaha World-Herald,'' 12 February 2000, p. 13〕 A final ruling on the jurisdictional issue could only be made in federal court, as Congress has the authority to establish reservation boundaries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Whiteclay, Nebraska」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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